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SUMMARY

A hortatory exposition is a special type of essay or paragraph in which the author
tries to get the reader to react or believe in a certain way. It includes recommen-
dation or advice. So, it can persuade the reader or listener to do something in a
certain way.

The generic structure of the hortatory exposition includes:
1. Thesis: announcement of the issue concern.
2. Argument: reason for concern, leading to recommendation.
3. Recommendation: statement of what should or should not happen.

Modal Should

1. We use should when something is not right or what we expect:
- Where’s Tina? She should be here by now. (= she isn’t here yet, and this is not normal)
- The price on this packet is wrong. It should be £2.50, not £3.50.

2. You can use should after some adjectives, especially: Strange/ odd/ funny/ typical/ natu
ral/interesting/ surprised/ surprising
- It’s strange that he should be late. He’s usually on time.
- I was surprised that he should say such a thing
3. We also use should to say that we expect something to happen:
- Helen has been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass. (= I expect her to pass)
- There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldn’t be hard to find a place to stay.
(= I don’t expect it to be hard)

4. You should have done something = you didn’t do it, but it would have been a good thing to do:
- You missed a great family meeting yesterday. You should have come. Why didn’t you?
(= you didn’t come, but it would have been good to come)
- I wonder why they’re so late. They should have been here long ago.
5. You shouldn’t have done something = you did it, but it wasn’t a good thing to do:
- I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much. (= I ate too much)
- She shouldn’t have been listening to our conversation. It was private.
(= she was listening)

6. Compare should (do) and should have (done):
- You look tired. You should go to bed now.
- You went to bed very late last night. You should have gone to bed earlier.

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